Participant observation

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Participant observation is a central anthropological research technique that consists of recording and interpreting information acquired through participation and observation [1] . Participant observation is not only relevant because it helps the researcher recognize what is happening in an investigated group; in addition, it relies on something more fundamental. The researchers who cooperate with others engage in symbolic transactions with them leading to insights derived from actively co-operating [2] . This cooperation helps researchers to partially assume the role of others and thus share something of perspectives that are intrinsic to their social worlds.

Exercise

Participant observation can be an effective complement to interviewing and talking to people, as it enables a researcher to compare and contrast what people say with what people do. This comparison can help the researcher identify unspoken beliefs and practices that are not articulated but enacted - the taken for granted.

This exercise provides a glimpse into how to conduct participant observation. Select an activity or event to observe, ideally something with which you are not overly familiar, such as: sports practice, school meeting, an afternoon's work in a café, or tour in a museum.

It can be something everyday and small (this also makes it easier to observe). You must make sure that you are allowed to be there, and if possible, be able to participate in some way. It is helpful if the person who helped you attain access can also serve as your key informant, the person who provides you with information and possibly a means to participate.

1. Always give yourself enough time before an event/activity to settle in, so that the participants become relatively accustomed to your presence.

2. Observe the event or activity, and take notes about your observations - what you see, hear, smell and feel - in a small pad or notebook.

3. Request to participate in some small way - distributing papers at a meeting, help gather equipment at a sports practice, etc.

4. After the event/activity is concluded, write up your experience in more detail, filling out your notes. This will include what happened at the activity (including your participation), how you felt during the activity, how people responded to you/your role at the activity, and any insights provided by your key informant.

5. Write up your comments on what you observed, what you did, and how you assessed your presence might have influenced what took place.

References

  1. DeWalt, Kathleen M., and Billie R. DeWalt. 2000. Participant Observation. In Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, ed. H. Russell Bernard. Walnut Creek etc.: Altamira Press. Pp. 259–299.
  2. Atkinson, Paul, Amanda Coffey, and Sara Delamont. 2003. Key Themes in Qualitative Research: Continuities and Change. Walnut Creek, Lanham, New York and Oxford: Altamira Press.